Evaluating China’s Retired Teacher Re-employment Programs from the Perspective of Human Capital Theories
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Published
Sep 30, 2023
Abstract
Human capital is the most crucial to social development among all forms of resources. The exploitation of high-quality human capital in retired teachers is of vital significance for China’s socio-economic development. This article described the implementation of China’s retired teacher re-employment programs and examined their practical significance from the perspective of human capital theories with the purpose of providing implications for the reform of teacher staffing and optimization of human resources utilization in China.
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Keywords
Human Capital, Professional Capital, Retired Teachers, Retirement Policy, China
References
1. Ministry of Education of China. The “National Gray-haired Teachers Program” jointly announced by the Ministry of Education and other nine departments. 2023. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202308/t20230829_1076680.html
2. Ministry of Education of China. Notice of the Ministries of Education and Finance on publishing the “Implementation Plan for the Gray-haired Teacher Instruction Program.” 2018. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A10/s7151/201807/t20180719_343448.html
3. Ministry of Education of China. The “Retired University Professors Supporting Education in Western China Program” initiated by the Ministry of Education. 2020. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202003/t20200326_434935.html
4. Wang Q. Empowering the gray-haired teachers in the time of vitality. Xinhua Net. 2023-08-30. Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/edu/20230830/f01f3b124a77433588989c41e2f01cc9/c.html
5. Schultz TW. Investment in human capital. Am Econom Rev 1961; 51(1):1-17. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818907
6. Becker GS. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. NBER. 1964.
7. Zhang F. The Human Capital Theory and Its Applications. Beijing: The Commercial Press. 2006.
8. Zheng M, Ruan C. The outflow of county-level high school teachers and governance: An analysis based on the human capital theory. Contemp Educ Sci 2023; 2023(5):66-73.
9. Chen Y. Advantages and Drawbacks of the Reforms of China’s Retirement Age Policy and Suggested Improvements (master’s thesis). Suzhou University. 2014. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201501&filename=1015522410.nh
10. Cheng D. Factors Influencing Elderly People’s Participation in Labor Force (master’s thesis). Anhui University of Finance and Economics. 2023. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFDTEMP&filename=1023574412.nh
11. Song L, Yang W. The exploitation of human capital in the elderly in the milieu of aging population. Econom Res Guide 2022; 2022(22):120-122. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=ncFPfL1MdGZYguEY6lfcidUX_bgHcJo1e24cGivgJUMAzEetIZVJ6G8lvxTHsiZhOGwQK4T5hQC1l5qgEPgok3xxLD7qB6dkbVSNKM8iFxy9ZcuPXocLxhYIVxlnnZwkqxP8tOwPSM0=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
12. Wang M. Factors Influencing the Re-exploitation of Human Capital of Retired University Teachers (master’s thesis). Zhejiang University of Technology. 2017. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201802&filename=1018051187.nh
13. Ji Y. Bringing more retired teachers back to the classroom. Zhejiang Daily 2023, August 31. p.003. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XMqrNqZpJ2-OFdagZUYQqqQnrIV8Iuhnzjbl03LK1eLA0lniI51dBDL9GU3FiuuBqp1Zty8b94AbQSTmvxnvOLms51P3Gx5KuoUJtTIRemSemmhSFGHgnVXBjQSegKhk=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
14. Ma J. China’s Aging Population and Policy Responses. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press. 2022.
15. Hargreaves A, Fullan M. Professional Capital: Transforming Teaching in Every School. New York: Teachers College Press. 2012.
16. Zhang M, Yang X, Qian H. Teacher professional development from the perspective of professional capital: A case study of anchor teachers’ studios. Glob Educ 2023; 2023(6):100-117. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?
v=ncFPfL1MdGaBtVkfH3cuPQWc0uBAefzMGVO6nkpmtnkna2vlxaI4tpL8v1pT6FgsUbzupOSMiRQcGN8vIHhWxCKDoFxB5U6wkeu_Exgu7UB2qxbbvBuUIysWsrrQ7auUTIYWxm8X6HE=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
17. Yang J, Ma L, Kou D, Li Z. Utilizing the strengths of retired professors to compensate for the shortcomings of universities in western China: The first 12 professors retired from universities affiliated to the Ministry of Education working at West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences under the Gray-haired Teachers Program. Socialist Forum, 2020; 2020(6):61-61.
18. Li J, Zhu C. Implementation of the “Gray-haired Instruction Program” in rural schools and improvement strategies. J Teach Manag 2022; 2022(15):37-39. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=5v36OIo_zhDdgTzyLCZmnFe5bvEIXHGq6wM91--KdXkS3-I3THKlmukEZfunrAxMiUX-_Mb5pMymhiWFS6gC9Bxy8ih9an8KH092tdIvQckocQWwEvTz08ja3YhBGIpWfKvusUbMhE4=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
19. Ministry of Education of China. New atmospheres in the new semester. 2023. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/202309/t20230901_1077702.html
20. Pichat B. Population Aging and Its social Economic Implication. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York. 1956.
21. World Health Organization. Addressing the rising prevalence of hearing loss. 2018. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/260336/9789241550260-eng.pdf
22. Nana J. The United Nations Second World Assembly on Ageing. Soc Policy J New Zealand 2002(18):191-198.
23. Liu H (2023-09-04). Japanese society is under the dual threats of the aging population and fewer children. Wenhui Daily 2023, September 4. p.006. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?
v=5v36OIo_zhCpc9IdupudQgz3zTqN8mRBwlDReUXwwDWDsWIZfDyyMLz8MnkO4KQZjN3I437fUK3xFTsRHpfYHTyrCbz_OKvnhxj92UNtNWTAa7Uj60tLNFZ5t1pvkSLqX2l9sl3XMlI=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
24. Luo J, Liu X. The experience of increasing retirement age in Japan against the background of Healthy Aging and implications. Chin Manag Inform 2023; 2023(11):197-200. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=5v36OIo_zhDf8rlIb12M0H-PQpxchF6SC2rzF2lqQn6pKQDL21V3K5MUvDU3MeImLlWKdUnsqlASZf48x8WosQHvAW2JCenmynTVX7wQQy0OqB3mB-ZIjZngT3wUNLzBb-NdKXIzKpI=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
25. State Council of China. Report on the Seventh National Census: Basic Information on the Work of the Seventh National Census. 2021. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2021-05/13/content_5606149.htm
26. National Health Commission of China. The press conference hosted by National Health Commission on the status and outcomes of the work on the elderly on September 20, 2022. 2022. Available at: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xwzb/webcontroller.do?titleSeq=11480&gecstype=1
27. State council of China. Notice of the State Council on Rigorously Implementing the Provisional Measures for the Retirement and Resignation of Workers. Bull State Counc Chin 1981(24):771-773. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XPYkwPXal8hQRXQjZOsdFldf4dUpR-9jnCR4teGv4l1XCTyT-6eU01QlS5RoAssKfeExctIHVOrtZhrV8RucLPtt8D2gIMAYTxTu8UgEHJvBmUpR1q8osHFk3TK45g3ujY=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
28. Wu D. Potential Human Resources for Elderly Sports Management in Kunming and Development Paths from the Perspective of “Positive Aging” (master’s thesis). Yunnan University. 2017. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201902&filename=1017217990.nh
29. Hao T. The Impact of Aging Population and Human Capital on Economic Growth (master’s thesis). Shanxi University of Finance and Economics. 2023. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD202302&filename=1023507381.nh
30. Liu H, Wu P. How to improve the effectiveness of healthy aging services: A mixed analysis based on NCA and QCA [J/OL]. J Xi'an Jiaotong Univ (Soc Sci Ed) 2023; 1-14. Available at: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1329.C.20230824.1602.002.html
31. Su D, Liu L. Focus Interview: Gray-haired teachers’ ongoing instruction. CCTV Network. 2023. Available at: https://news.cctv.com/2023/09/10/ARTIKdDS1LmNjUHVF8jvlBvM230910.shtml
32. Wu D. Spatial econometric analysis of the features of regional distribution of aging population in China and reasons (master’s thesis). Tianjin University of Finance and Economics. 2017. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201802&filename=1018035514.nh
2. Ministry of Education of China. Notice of the Ministries of Education and Finance on publishing the “Implementation Plan for the Gray-haired Teacher Instruction Program.” 2018. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A10/s7151/201807/t20180719_343448.html
3. Ministry of Education of China. The “Retired University Professors Supporting Education in Western China Program” initiated by the Ministry of Education. 2020. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202003/t20200326_434935.html
4. Wang Q. Empowering the gray-haired teachers in the time of vitality. Xinhua Net. 2023-08-30. Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/edu/20230830/f01f3b124a77433588989c41e2f01cc9/c.html
5. Schultz TW. Investment in human capital. Am Econom Rev 1961; 51(1):1-17. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818907
6. Becker GS. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. NBER. 1964.
7. Zhang F. The Human Capital Theory and Its Applications. Beijing: The Commercial Press. 2006.
8. Zheng M, Ruan C. The outflow of county-level high school teachers and governance: An analysis based on the human capital theory. Contemp Educ Sci 2023; 2023(5):66-73.
9. Chen Y. Advantages and Drawbacks of the Reforms of China’s Retirement Age Policy and Suggested Improvements (master’s thesis). Suzhou University. 2014. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201501&filename=1015522410.nh
10. Cheng D. Factors Influencing Elderly People’s Participation in Labor Force (master’s thesis). Anhui University of Finance and Economics. 2023. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFDTEMP&filename=1023574412.nh
11. Song L, Yang W. The exploitation of human capital in the elderly in the milieu of aging population. Econom Res Guide 2022; 2022(22):120-122. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=ncFPfL1MdGZYguEY6lfcidUX_bgHcJo1e24cGivgJUMAzEetIZVJ6G8lvxTHsiZhOGwQK4T5hQC1l5qgEPgok3xxLD7qB6dkbVSNKM8iFxy9ZcuPXocLxhYIVxlnnZwkqxP8tOwPSM0=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
12. Wang M. Factors Influencing the Re-exploitation of Human Capital of Retired University Teachers (master’s thesis). Zhejiang University of Technology. 2017. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201802&filename=1018051187.nh
13. Ji Y. Bringing more retired teachers back to the classroom. Zhejiang Daily 2023, August 31. p.003. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XMqrNqZpJ2-OFdagZUYQqqQnrIV8Iuhnzjbl03LK1eLA0lniI51dBDL9GU3FiuuBqp1Zty8b94AbQSTmvxnvOLms51P3Gx5KuoUJtTIRemSemmhSFGHgnVXBjQSegKhk=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
14. Ma J. China’s Aging Population and Policy Responses. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press. 2022.
15. Hargreaves A, Fullan M. Professional Capital: Transforming Teaching in Every School. New York: Teachers College Press. 2012.
16. Zhang M, Yang X, Qian H. Teacher professional development from the perspective of professional capital: A case study of anchor teachers’ studios. Glob Educ 2023; 2023(6):100-117. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?
v=ncFPfL1MdGaBtVkfH3cuPQWc0uBAefzMGVO6nkpmtnkna2vlxaI4tpL8v1pT6FgsUbzupOSMiRQcGN8vIHhWxCKDoFxB5U6wkeu_Exgu7UB2qxbbvBuUIysWsrrQ7auUTIYWxm8X6HE=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
17. Yang J, Ma L, Kou D, Li Z. Utilizing the strengths of retired professors to compensate for the shortcomings of universities in western China: The first 12 professors retired from universities affiliated to the Ministry of Education working at West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences under the Gray-haired Teachers Program. Socialist Forum, 2020; 2020(6):61-61.
18. Li J, Zhu C. Implementation of the “Gray-haired Instruction Program” in rural schools and improvement strategies. J Teach Manag 2022; 2022(15):37-39. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=5v36OIo_zhDdgTzyLCZmnFe5bvEIXHGq6wM91--KdXkS3-I3THKlmukEZfunrAxMiUX-_Mb5pMymhiWFS6gC9Bxy8ih9an8KH092tdIvQckocQWwEvTz08ja3YhBGIpWfKvusUbMhE4=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
19. Ministry of Education of China. New atmospheres in the new semester. 2023. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/202309/t20230901_1077702.html
20. Pichat B. Population Aging and Its social Economic Implication. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York. 1956.
21. World Health Organization. Addressing the rising prevalence of hearing loss. 2018. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/260336/9789241550260-eng.pdf
22. Nana J. The United Nations Second World Assembly on Ageing. Soc Policy J New Zealand 2002(18):191-198.
23. Liu H (2023-09-04). Japanese society is under the dual threats of the aging population and fewer children. Wenhui Daily 2023, September 4. p.006. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?
v=5v36OIo_zhCpc9IdupudQgz3zTqN8mRBwlDReUXwwDWDsWIZfDyyMLz8MnkO4KQZjN3I437fUK3xFTsRHpfYHTyrCbz_OKvnhxj92UNtNWTAa7Uj60tLNFZ5t1pvkSLqX2l9sl3XMlI=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
24. Luo J, Liu X. The experience of increasing retirement age in Japan against the background of Healthy Aging and implications. Chin Manag Inform 2023; 2023(11):197-200. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=5v36OIo_zhDf8rlIb12M0H-PQpxchF6SC2rzF2lqQn6pKQDL21V3K5MUvDU3MeImLlWKdUnsqlASZf48x8WosQHvAW2JCenmynTVX7wQQy0OqB3mB-ZIjZngT3wUNLzBb-NdKXIzKpI=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
25. State Council of China. Report on the Seventh National Census: Basic Information on the Work of the Seventh National Census. 2021. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2021-05/13/content_5606149.htm
26. National Health Commission of China. The press conference hosted by National Health Commission on the status and outcomes of the work on the elderly on September 20, 2022. 2022. Available at: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xwzb/webcontroller.do?titleSeq=11480&gecstype=1
27. State council of China. Notice of the State Council on Rigorously Implementing the Provisional Measures for the Retirement and Resignation of Workers. Bull State Counc Chin 1981(24):771-773. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XPYkwPXal8hQRXQjZOsdFldf4dUpR-9jnCR4teGv4l1XCTyT-6eU01QlS5RoAssKfeExctIHVOrtZhrV8RucLPtt8D2gIMAYTxTu8UgEHJvBmUpR1q8osHFk3TK45g3ujY=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
28. Wu D. Potential Human Resources for Elderly Sports Management in Kunming and Development Paths from the Perspective of “Positive Aging” (master’s thesis). Yunnan University. 2017. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201902&filename=1017217990.nh
29. Hao T. The Impact of Aging Population and Human Capital on Economic Growth (master’s thesis). Shanxi University of Finance and Economics. 2023. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD202302&filename=1023507381.nh
30. Liu H, Wu P. How to improve the effectiveness of healthy aging services: A mixed analysis based on NCA and QCA [J/OL]. J Xi'an Jiaotong Univ (Soc Sci Ed) 2023; 1-14. Available at: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1329.C.20230824.1602.002.html
31. Su D, Liu L. Focus Interview: Gray-haired teachers’ ongoing instruction. CCTV Network. 2023. Available at: https://news.cctv.com/2023/09/10/ARTIKdDS1LmNjUHVF8jvlBvM230910.shtml
32. Wu D. Spatial econometric analysis of the features of regional distribution of aging population in China and reasons (master’s thesis). Tianjin University of Finance and Economics. 2017. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201802&filename=1018035514.nh
How to Cite
Shi, Y. (2023). Evaluating China’s Retired Teacher Re-employment Programs from the Perspective of Human Capital Theories. Science Insights, 43(3), 1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.23.re712
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Review
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