miRNA and Cardiac Hypertrophy
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Published
Feb 20, 2019
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a frequent pathological reaction to hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. A typical feature of myocardial remodeling, cardiac hypertrophy can lead to heart failure and ultimately death. In recent years, studies have found some factors circulating within the blood of young mice can improve symptoms of heart hypertrophy in aged mice. GDF11 in the blood was once considered a key factor to extenuate cardiac hypertrophy, but subsequent studies question this conclusion. Recent genomic advances have revealed that non-coding RNA, including circular RNA, piRNAs, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, play an important role in gene expression and regulation, directly affecting pathophysiological mechanisms. The involvement of microRNAs within the myocardium and aortic valve in the regulation of pathophysiology may lead to the development of cardiovascular disease. Exosome-derived microRNA molecules in the heart are related to heart hypertrophy and failure. This article reviews the relevance of microRNAs to heart hypertrophy and the transported mechanism, which is helpful to discover new therapy and biomarkers for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Keywords
Cardiac Hypertrophy, Exosome, Heart Failure, microRNA
Supporting Agencies
National Natural Science Foundation (81660690); Ningxia Natural Sci- ence Foundation (2018AAC03144)
First-Class Discipline Construction Founded Project of NingXia Medical University and the School of Clinical Medicine (NXYLXK2017A05)
Innova- tion and Entrepreneurship Project for Over- seas Students in Ningxia Province.
References
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2. Matkovich SJ, Wang W, Tu Y, Eschenbacher WH, Dorn LE, Condorelli G, et al. MicroRNA-133a protects against myocardial fibrosis and modulates electrical repolarization without affecting hypertrophy in pressure-overloaded adult hearts. Circ Res 2010; 106(1):166–175.
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4. Cannatà A, Marcon G, Cimmino G, Camparini L, Ciucci G, Sinagra G, et al. Role of circulating factors in cardiac aging. J Thorac Dis. 2017; 9(Suppl 1):S17–S29.
5. Conboy IM, Conboy MJ, Wagers AJ, Girma ER, Weissman IL, Rando TA. Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment. Nature 2005; 433(7027):760–764.
6. Conboy MJ, Conboy IM, Rando TA. Heterochronic parabiosis: historical perspective and methodological considerations for studies of aging and longevity. Aging Cell 2013; 12(3):525–530.
7. Loffredo FS, Steinhauser ML, Jay SM, Gannon J, Pancoast JR, Yalamanchi P, et al. Growth differentiation factor 11 is a circulating factor that reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophy. Cell 2013; 153(4):828–839.
8. Sinha M, Jang YC, Oh J, Khong D, Wu EY, Manohar R, et al. Restoring systemic GDF11 levels reverses age-related dysfunction in mouse skeletal muscle. Science 2014; 344(6184):649–652.
9. Harper SC, Brack A, MacDonnell S, Franti M, Olwin BB, Bailey BA, et al. Is Growth Differentiation Factor 11 a Realistic Therapeutic for Aging-Dependent Muscle Defects? Circ Res 2016; 118(7):1143–50; discussion 1150.
10. Walker RG, Poggioli T, Katsimpardi L, Buchanan SM, Oh J, Wattrus S, et al. Biochemistry and Biology of GDF11 and Myostatin: Similarities, Differences, and Questions for Future Investigation. Circ Res 2016; 118(7):1125–41; discussion 1142.
11. Smith SC, Zhang X, Zhang X, Gross P, Starosta T, Mohsin S, et al. GDF11 does not rescue aging-related pathological hypertrophy. Circ Res 2015; 117(11):926–932.
12. Schafer MJ, Atkinson EJ, Vanderboom PM, Kotajarvi B, White TA, Moore MM, et al. Quantification of GDF11 and Myostatin in Human Aging and Cardiovascular Disease. Cell Metab 2016; 23(6):1207–1215.
13. Poggioli T, Vujic A, Yang P, Macias-Trevino C, Uygur A, Loffredo FS, et al. Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor 11/8 Levels Decline With Age. Circ Res 2016; 118(1):29–37.
14. Lai EC. Micro RNAs are complementary to 3’ UTR sequence motifs that mediate negative post-transcriptional regulation. Nat Genet 2002; 30(4):363–364.
15. Chen C, Ponnusamy M, Liu C, Gao J, Wang K, Li P. MicroRNA as a Therapeutic Target in Cardiac Remodeling. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:1278436.
16. Shah P, Bristow MR, Port JD. MicroRNAs in Heart Failure, Cardiac Transplantation, and Myocardial Recovery: Biomarkers with Therapeutic Potential. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2017; 14(6):454–464.
17. Zhao G. Significance of non-coding circular RNAs and micro RNAs in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. J Med Genet 2018; 55(11):713–720.
18. Navickas R, Gal D, Laucevicius A, Taparauskaite A, Zdanyte M, Holvoet P. Identifying circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111(4):322–337.
19. Liu L, Zhao X, Pierre SV, Askari A. Association of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway with digitalis-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 2007; 293(5):C1489-C1497.
20. Wu QQ, Ni J, Zhang N, Liao HH, Tang QZ, Deng W. Andrographolide Protects against Aortic Banding-Induced Experimental Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting MAPKs Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:808.
21. Li N, Zhou H, Tang Q. miR-133: A Suppressor of Cardiac Remodeling? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:903.
22. Nandi SS, Shahshahan HR, Shang Q, Kutty S, Boska M, Mishra PK. MiR-133a Mimic Alleviates T1DM-Induced Systolic Dysfunction in Akita: An MRI-Based Study. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1275.
23. Nandi SS, Zheng H, Sharma NM, Shahshahan HR, Patel KP, Mishra PK. Lack of miR-133a Decreases Contractility of Diabetic Hearts: A Role for Novel Cross Talk Between Tyrosine Aminotransferase and Tyrosine Hydroxylase. Diabetes 2016; 65(10):3075–3090.
24. Liu J, Hao D-D, Zhang J-S, Zhu Y-C. Hydrogen sulphide inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by up-regulating miR-133a. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413(2):342–347.
25. Carè A, Catalucci D, Felicetti F, Bonci D, Addario A, Gallo P, et al. MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med 2007; 13(5):613–618.
26. Dong D-L, Chen C, Huo R, Wang N, Li Z, Tu Y-J, et al. Reciprocal repression between microRNA-133 and calcineurin regulates cardiac hypertrophy: a novel mechanism for progressive cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension 2010; 55(4):946–952.
27. Nandi SS, Duryee MJ, Shahshahan HR, Thiele GM, Anderson DR, Mishra PK. Induction of autophagy markers is associated with attenuation of miR-133a in diabetic heart failure patients undergoing mechanical unloading. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7(4):683–696.
28. Sucharov C, Bristow MR, Port JD. miRNA expression in the failing human heart: functional correlates. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45(2):185–192.
29. Sharma NM, Nandi SS, Zheng H, Mishra PK, Patel KP. A novel role for miR-133a in centrally mediated activation of the renin-angiotensin system in congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 312(5):H968–H679.
30. Huang L, Xi Z, Wang C, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhang S, et al. Phenanthrene exposure induces cardiac hypertrophy via reducing miR-133a expression by DNA methylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20105.
31. Feng B, Chen S, George B, Feng Q, Chakrabarti S. miR133a regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26(1):40–49.
32. Zhao Y, Samal E, Srivastava D. Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis. Nature 2005; 436(7048):214–220.
33. Chen J-F, Mandel EM, Thomson JM, Wu Q, Callis TE, Hammond SM, et al. The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation. Nat Genet 2006; 38(2):228–233.
34. Sayed D, Hong C, Chen I-Y, Lypowy J, Abdellatif M. MicroRNAs play an essential role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 2007; 100(3):416–424.
35. Huang F, Li M-L, Fang Z-F, Hu X-Q, Liu Q-M, Liu Z-J, et al. Overexpression of MicroRNA-1 improves the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation after myocardial infarction. Cardiology 2013; 125(1):18–30.
36. van Rooij E, Sutherland LB, Qi X, Richardson JA, Hill J, Olson EN. Control of stress-dependent cardiac growth and gene expression by a microRNA. Science 2007; 316(5824):575–579.
37. Montgomery RL, Hullinger TG, Semus HM, Dickinson BA, Seto AG, Lynch JM, et al. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-208a improves cardiac function and survival during heart failure. Circulation 2011; 124:1537–1547.
38. Wang L, Ye N, Lian X, Peng F, Zhang H, Gong H. MiR-208a-3p aggravates autophagy through the PDCD4-ATG5 pathway in Ang II-induced H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:1–8.
39. Yu B, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Xie D, Nie W, Shi K. Inhibition of microRNA-143-3p attenuates myocardial hypertrophy by inhibiting inflammatory response. Cell Biol Int 2018;42(11):1584–1593.
40. Nie X, Fan J, Li H, Yin Z, Zhao Y, Dai B, et al. miR-217 Promotes Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dysfunction by Targeting PTEN. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2018; 12:254–266.
41. Li A-L, Lv J-B, Gao L. MiR-181a mediates Ang II-induced myocardial hypertrophy by mediating autophagy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21(23):5462–5470.
42. Wang K, Long B, Liu F, Wang J-X, Liu C-Y, Zhao B, et al. A circular RNA protects the heart from pathological hypertrophy and heart failure by targeting miR-223. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(33):2602–2611.
43. Yang Y, Del Re DP, Nakano N, Sciarretta S, Zhai P, Park J, et al. miR-206 Mediates YAP-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Survival. Circ Res 2015; 117(10):891–904.
44. Zhang S, Yin Z, Dai FF, Wang H, Zhou MJ, Yang MH, Zhang SF, Fu ZF, Mei YW, Zang MX, Xue L. miR-29a attenuates cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of PPAR? expression. J Cell Physiol. 2018; doi: 10.1002/jcp.27997.
45. Narasimhan G, Carrillo ED, Hernández A, García MC, Sánchez JA. Protective Action of Diazoxide on Isoproterenol-Induced Hypertrophy Is Mediated by Reduction in MicroRNA-132 Expression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 72(5):222–230.
46. Liu B-L, Cheng M, Hu S, Wang S, Wang L, Tu X, et al. Overexpression of miR-142-3p improves mitochondrial function in cardiac hypertrophy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1347–1356.
47. Oh JG, Watanabe S, Lee A, Gorski PA, Lee P, Jeong D, et al. miR-146a Suppresses SUMO1 Expression and Induces Cardiac Dysfunction in Maladaptive Hypertrophy. Circ Res 2018; 123(6):673–685.
48. Chen Y, Liu X, Chen L, Chen W, Zhang Y, Chen J, et al. The long noncoding RNA XIST protects cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting miR-330-3p. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505(3):807–815.
49. Duygu B, Da Costa Martins PA. miR-21: a star player in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 105(3):235–237.
50. Yan M, Chen C, Gong W, Yin Z, Zhou L, Chaugai S, et al. miR-21-3p regulates cardiac hypertrophic response by targeting histone deacetylase-8. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 105(3):340–352.
51. Thum T, Gross C, Fiedler J, Fischer T, Kissler S, Bussen M, et al. MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts. Nature 2008; 456(7224):980–984.
52. Roy S, Khanna S, Hussain S-RA, Biswas S, Azad A, Rink C, et al. MicroRNA expression in response to murine myocardial infarction: miR-21 regulates fibroblast metalloprotease-2 via phosphatase and tensin homologue. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82(1):21–29.
53. Cheng Y, Zhu P, Yang J, Liu X, Dong S, Wang X, et al. Ischaemic preconditioning-regulated miR-21 protects heart against ischaemia/reperfusion injury via anti-apoptosis through its target PDCD4. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87(3):431–439.
54. Ucar A, Gupta SK, Fiedler J, Erikci E, Kardasinski M, Batkai S, et al. The miRNA-212/132 family regulates both cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte autophagy. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1078.
55. Li Z, Song Y, Liu L, Hou N, An X, Zhan D, et al. miR-199a impairs autophagy and induces cardiac hypertrophy through mTOR activation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24(7):1205–1213.
56. Valadi H, Ekström K, Bossios A, Sjöstrand M, Lee JJ, Lötvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9(6):654–659.
57. Hunter MP, Ismail N, Zhang X, Aguda BD, Lee EJ, Yu L, et al. Detection of microRNA expression in human peripheral blood microvesicles. PLoS ONE 2008; 3(11):e3694.
58. Arroyo JD, Chevillet JR, Kroh EM, Ruf IK, Pritchard CC, Gibson DF, et al. Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108(12):5003–5008.
59. Stoorvogel W. Functional transfer of microRNA by exosomes. Blood. 2012; 119(3):646–648.
60. Kuwabara Y, Ono K, Horie T, Nishi H, Nagao K, Kinoshita M, et al. Increased microRNA-1 and microRNA-133a levels in serum of patients with cardiovascular disease indicate myocardial damage. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2011; 4(4):446–454.
61. Mathiyalagan P, Sahoo S. Exosomes-Based Gene Therapy for MicroRNA Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1521:139–152.
2. Matkovich SJ, Wang W, Tu Y, Eschenbacher WH, Dorn LE, Condorelli G, et al. MicroRNA-133a protects against myocardial fibrosis and modulates electrical repolarization without affecting hypertrophy in pressure-overloaded adult hearts. Circ Res 2010; 106(1):166–175.
3. Brack AS. Ageing of the heart reversed by youthful systemic factors! EMBO J 2013; 32(16):2189–2190.
4. Cannatà A, Marcon G, Cimmino G, Camparini L, Ciucci G, Sinagra G, et al. Role of circulating factors in cardiac aging. J Thorac Dis. 2017; 9(Suppl 1):S17–S29.
5. Conboy IM, Conboy MJ, Wagers AJ, Girma ER, Weissman IL, Rando TA. Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment. Nature 2005; 433(7027):760–764.
6. Conboy MJ, Conboy IM, Rando TA. Heterochronic parabiosis: historical perspective and methodological considerations for studies of aging and longevity. Aging Cell 2013; 12(3):525–530.
7. Loffredo FS, Steinhauser ML, Jay SM, Gannon J, Pancoast JR, Yalamanchi P, et al. Growth differentiation factor 11 is a circulating factor that reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophy. Cell 2013; 153(4):828–839.
8. Sinha M, Jang YC, Oh J, Khong D, Wu EY, Manohar R, et al. Restoring systemic GDF11 levels reverses age-related dysfunction in mouse skeletal muscle. Science 2014; 344(6184):649–652.
9. Harper SC, Brack A, MacDonnell S, Franti M, Olwin BB, Bailey BA, et al. Is Growth Differentiation Factor 11 a Realistic Therapeutic for Aging-Dependent Muscle Defects? Circ Res 2016; 118(7):1143–50; discussion 1150.
10. Walker RG, Poggioli T, Katsimpardi L, Buchanan SM, Oh J, Wattrus S, et al. Biochemistry and Biology of GDF11 and Myostatin: Similarities, Differences, and Questions for Future Investigation. Circ Res 2016; 118(7):1125–41; discussion 1142.
11. Smith SC, Zhang X, Zhang X, Gross P, Starosta T, Mohsin S, et al. GDF11 does not rescue aging-related pathological hypertrophy. Circ Res 2015; 117(11):926–932.
12. Schafer MJ, Atkinson EJ, Vanderboom PM, Kotajarvi B, White TA, Moore MM, et al. Quantification of GDF11 and Myostatin in Human Aging and Cardiovascular Disease. Cell Metab 2016; 23(6):1207–1215.
13. Poggioli T, Vujic A, Yang P, Macias-Trevino C, Uygur A, Loffredo FS, et al. Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor 11/8 Levels Decline With Age. Circ Res 2016; 118(1):29–37.
14. Lai EC. Micro RNAs are complementary to 3’ UTR sequence motifs that mediate negative post-transcriptional regulation. Nat Genet 2002; 30(4):363–364.
15. Chen C, Ponnusamy M, Liu C, Gao J, Wang K, Li P. MicroRNA as a Therapeutic Target in Cardiac Remodeling. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:1278436.
16. Shah P, Bristow MR, Port JD. MicroRNAs in Heart Failure, Cardiac Transplantation, and Myocardial Recovery: Biomarkers with Therapeutic Potential. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2017; 14(6):454–464.
17. Zhao G. Significance of non-coding circular RNAs and micro RNAs in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. J Med Genet 2018; 55(11):713–720.
18. Navickas R, Gal D, Laucevicius A, Taparauskaite A, Zdanyte M, Holvoet P. Identifying circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111(4):322–337.
19. Liu L, Zhao X, Pierre SV, Askari A. Association of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway with digitalis-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 2007; 293(5):C1489-C1497.
20. Wu QQ, Ni J, Zhang N, Liao HH, Tang QZ, Deng W. Andrographolide Protects against Aortic Banding-Induced Experimental Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting MAPKs Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:808.
21. Li N, Zhou H, Tang Q. miR-133: A Suppressor of Cardiac Remodeling? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:903.
22. Nandi SS, Shahshahan HR, Shang Q, Kutty S, Boska M, Mishra PK. MiR-133a Mimic Alleviates T1DM-Induced Systolic Dysfunction in Akita: An MRI-Based Study. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1275.
23. Nandi SS, Zheng H, Sharma NM, Shahshahan HR, Patel KP, Mishra PK. Lack of miR-133a Decreases Contractility of Diabetic Hearts: A Role for Novel Cross Talk Between Tyrosine Aminotransferase and Tyrosine Hydroxylase. Diabetes 2016; 65(10):3075–3090.
24. Liu J, Hao D-D, Zhang J-S, Zhu Y-C. Hydrogen sulphide inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by up-regulating miR-133a. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413(2):342–347.
25. Carè A, Catalucci D, Felicetti F, Bonci D, Addario A, Gallo P, et al. MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med 2007; 13(5):613–618.
26. Dong D-L, Chen C, Huo R, Wang N, Li Z, Tu Y-J, et al. Reciprocal repression between microRNA-133 and calcineurin regulates cardiac hypertrophy: a novel mechanism for progressive cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension 2010; 55(4):946–952.
27. Nandi SS, Duryee MJ, Shahshahan HR, Thiele GM, Anderson DR, Mishra PK. Induction of autophagy markers is associated with attenuation of miR-133a in diabetic heart failure patients undergoing mechanical unloading. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7(4):683–696.
28. Sucharov C, Bristow MR, Port JD. miRNA expression in the failing human heart: functional correlates. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45(2):185–192.
29. Sharma NM, Nandi SS, Zheng H, Mishra PK, Patel KP. A novel role for miR-133a in centrally mediated activation of the renin-angiotensin system in congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 312(5):H968–H679.
30. Huang L, Xi Z, Wang C, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhang S, et al. Phenanthrene exposure induces cardiac hypertrophy via reducing miR-133a expression by DNA methylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20105.
31. Feng B, Chen S, George B, Feng Q, Chakrabarti S. miR133a regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26(1):40–49.
32. Zhao Y, Samal E, Srivastava D. Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis. Nature 2005; 436(7048):214–220.
33. Chen J-F, Mandel EM, Thomson JM, Wu Q, Callis TE, Hammond SM, et al. The role of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation. Nat Genet 2006; 38(2):228–233.
34. Sayed D, Hong C, Chen I-Y, Lypowy J, Abdellatif M. MicroRNAs play an essential role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 2007; 100(3):416–424.
35. Huang F, Li M-L, Fang Z-F, Hu X-Q, Liu Q-M, Liu Z-J, et al. Overexpression of MicroRNA-1 improves the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation after myocardial infarction. Cardiology 2013; 125(1):18–30.
36. van Rooij E, Sutherland LB, Qi X, Richardson JA, Hill J, Olson EN. Control of stress-dependent cardiac growth and gene expression by a microRNA. Science 2007; 316(5824):575–579.
37. Montgomery RL, Hullinger TG, Semus HM, Dickinson BA, Seto AG, Lynch JM, et al. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-208a improves cardiac function and survival during heart failure. Circulation 2011; 124:1537–1547.
38. Wang L, Ye N, Lian X, Peng F, Zhang H, Gong H. MiR-208a-3p aggravates autophagy through the PDCD4-ATG5 pathway in Ang II-induced H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:1–8.
39. Yu B, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Xie D, Nie W, Shi K. Inhibition of microRNA-143-3p attenuates myocardial hypertrophy by inhibiting inflammatory response. Cell Biol Int 2018;42(11):1584–1593.
40. Nie X, Fan J, Li H, Yin Z, Zhao Y, Dai B, et al. miR-217 Promotes Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dysfunction by Targeting PTEN. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2018; 12:254–266.
41. Li A-L, Lv J-B, Gao L. MiR-181a mediates Ang II-induced myocardial hypertrophy by mediating autophagy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21(23):5462–5470.
42. Wang K, Long B, Liu F, Wang J-X, Liu C-Y, Zhao B, et al. A circular RNA protects the heart from pathological hypertrophy and heart failure by targeting miR-223. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(33):2602–2611.
43. Yang Y, Del Re DP, Nakano N, Sciarretta S, Zhai P, Park J, et al. miR-206 Mediates YAP-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Survival. Circ Res 2015; 117(10):891–904.
44. Zhang S, Yin Z, Dai FF, Wang H, Zhou MJ, Yang MH, Zhang SF, Fu ZF, Mei YW, Zang MX, Xue L. miR-29a attenuates cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of PPAR? expression. J Cell Physiol. 2018; doi: 10.1002/jcp.27997.
45. Narasimhan G, Carrillo ED, Hernández A, García MC, Sánchez JA. Protective Action of Diazoxide on Isoproterenol-Induced Hypertrophy Is Mediated by Reduction in MicroRNA-132 Expression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 72(5):222–230.
46. Liu B-L, Cheng M, Hu S, Wang S, Wang L, Tu X, et al. Overexpression of miR-142-3p improves mitochondrial function in cardiac hypertrophy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1347–1356.
47. Oh JG, Watanabe S, Lee A, Gorski PA, Lee P, Jeong D, et al. miR-146a Suppresses SUMO1 Expression and Induces Cardiac Dysfunction in Maladaptive Hypertrophy. Circ Res 2018; 123(6):673–685.
48. Chen Y, Liu X, Chen L, Chen W, Zhang Y, Chen J, et al. The long noncoding RNA XIST protects cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting miR-330-3p. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505(3):807–815.
49. Duygu B, Da Costa Martins PA. miR-21: a star player in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 105(3):235–237.
50. Yan M, Chen C, Gong W, Yin Z, Zhou L, Chaugai S, et al. miR-21-3p regulates cardiac hypertrophic response by targeting histone deacetylase-8. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 105(3):340–352.
51. Thum T, Gross C, Fiedler J, Fischer T, Kissler S, Bussen M, et al. MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts. Nature 2008; 456(7224):980–984.
52. Roy S, Khanna S, Hussain S-RA, Biswas S, Azad A, Rink C, et al. MicroRNA expression in response to murine myocardial infarction: miR-21 regulates fibroblast metalloprotease-2 via phosphatase and tensin homologue. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82(1):21–29.
53. Cheng Y, Zhu P, Yang J, Liu X, Dong S, Wang X, et al. Ischaemic preconditioning-regulated miR-21 protects heart against ischaemia/reperfusion injury via anti-apoptosis through its target PDCD4. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87(3):431–439.
54. Ucar A, Gupta SK, Fiedler J, Erikci E, Kardasinski M, Batkai S, et al. The miRNA-212/132 family regulates both cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte autophagy. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1078.
55. Li Z, Song Y, Liu L, Hou N, An X, Zhan D, et al. miR-199a impairs autophagy and induces cardiac hypertrophy through mTOR activation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24(7):1205–1213.
56. Valadi H, Ekström K, Bossios A, Sjöstrand M, Lee JJ, Lötvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9(6):654–659.
57. Hunter MP, Ismail N, Zhang X, Aguda BD, Lee EJ, Yu L, et al. Detection of microRNA expression in human peripheral blood microvesicles. PLoS ONE 2008; 3(11):e3694.
58. Arroyo JD, Chevillet JR, Kroh EM, Ruf IK, Pritchard CC, Gibson DF, et al. Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108(12):5003–5008.
59. Stoorvogel W. Functional transfer of microRNA by exosomes. Blood. 2012; 119(3):646–648.
60. Kuwabara Y, Ono K, Horie T, Nishi H, Nagao K, Kinoshita M, et al. Increased microRNA-1 and microRNA-133a levels in serum of patients with cardiovascular disease indicate myocardial damage. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2011; 4(4):446–454.
61. Mathiyalagan P, Sahoo S. Exosomes-Based Gene Therapy for MicroRNA Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1521:139–152.
How to Cite
Gu, J., Liu, C., & Huo, . Z. (2019). miRNA and Cardiac Hypertrophy. Science Insights, 28(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.19.re056
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