Cytokine Immunotherapy for Neuroblastoma
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Published
Jan 31, 2023
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is an embryonal tumor originating from the sympathetic nervous system, which occurs during fetal period or early postnatal period, and is one of the most common extracranial solid malignant tumors in children. Cytokines are pleiotropic proteins that can effectively activate tumor immune cells and counteract immune suppression, thereby suppressing tumors. Cytokine immunotherapy provides more possibilities for the application of immunotherapy through its own induction and activation of the immune system and has also been extensively studied in NB immunotherapy. This article mainly introduces the research progress of several immunotherapies based on cytokines in the treatment of children with NB.
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Keywords
Cytokines, Neuroblastoma, Immunotherapy, Outcomes
References
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2. Colon NC, Chung DH. Neuroblastoma. Adv Pediatr 2011; 58(1):297-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2011.03.011
3. Cohn SL, Pearson AD, London WB, Monclair T, Ambros PF, Brodeur GM, Faldum A, Hero B, Iehara T, Machin D, Mosseri V, Simon T, Garaventa A, Castel V, Matthay KK; INRG Task Force. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system: an INRG Task Force report. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27(2):289-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.6785
4. Tolbert VP, Matthay KK. Neuroblastoma: Clinical and biological approach to risk stratification and treatment. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372(2):195-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-018-2821-2
5. PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. 2022 Jun 9. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65747/
6. Smith V, Foster J. High-risk neuroblastoma treatment review. Children (Basel) 2018; 5(9):114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children5090114
7. Qi Y, Zhan J. Roles of surgery in the treatment of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma in the children oncology group study: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:706800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.706800
8. Simon T, Häberle B, Hero B, von Schweinitz D, Berthold F. Role of surgery in the treatment of patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma age 18 months or older at diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31(6):752-758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.9339
9. De Ioris MA, Crocoli A, Contoli B, Garganese MC, Natali G, Tomà P, Jenkner A, Boldrini R, De Pasquale MD, Milano GM, Madafferi S, Castellano A, Locatelli F, Inserra A. Local control in metastatic neuroblastoma in children over 1 year of age. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-015-1082-7
10. Bai R, Cui J. Development of immunotherapy strategies targeting tumor microenvironment is fiercely ongoing. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.890166. Erratum in: Front Immunol 2022; 13:1004587.
11. Rashidijahanabad Z, Huang X. Recent advances in tumor associated carbohydrate antigen based chimeric antigen receptor T cells and bispecific antibodies for anti-cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2020; 47:101390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2020.101390
12. Ozkaynak MF, Gilman AL, London WB, Naranjo A, Diccianni MB, Tenney SC, Smith M, Messer KS, Seeger R, Reynolds CP, Smith LM, Shulkin BL, Parisi M, Maris JM, Park JR, Sondel PM, Yu AL. A comprehensive safety trial of chimeric antibody 14.18 With GM-CSF, IL-2, and isotretinoin in high-risk neuroblastoma patients following myeloablative therapy: Children's Oncology Group Study ANBL0931. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01355. Erratum in: Front Immunol 2018; 9:1641.
13. Lee S, Margolin K. Cytokines in cancer immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3(4):3856-3893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers3043856
14. Berraondo P, Sanmamed MF, Ochoa MC, Etxeberria I, Aznar MA, Pérez-Gracia JL, Rodríguez-Ruiz ME, Ponz-Sarvise M, Castañón E, Melero I. Cytokines in clinical cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2019; 120(1):6-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0328-y
15. Islam R, Pupovac A, Evtimov V, Boyd N, Shu R, Boyd R, Trounson A. Enhancing a natural killer: Modification of NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10(5):1058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051058
16. Skak K, Frederiksen KS, Lundsgaard D. Interleukin-21 activates human natural killer cells and modulates their surface receptor expression. Immunology 2008; 123(4):575-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02730.x
17. Klöß S, Oberschmidt O, Morgan M, Dahlke J, Arseniev L, Huppert V, Granzin M, Gardlowski T, Matthies N, Soltenborn S, Schambach A, Koehl U. Optimization of human NK cell manufacturing: Fully automated separation, improved ex vivo expansion using IL-21 with autologous feeder cells, and generation of anti-CD123-CAR-expressing effector cells. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28(10):897-913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2017.157
18. Shi Y, Liu CH, Roberts AI, Das J, Xu G, Ren G, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yuan ZR, Tan HS, Das G, Devadas S. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and T-cell responses: What we do and don't know. Cell Res 2006; 16(2):126-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7310017
19. Liao W, Lin JX, Leonard WJ. IL-2 family cytokines: New insights into the complex roles of IL-2 as a broad regulator of T helper cell differentiation. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23(5):598-604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2011.08.003
20. Bachmann MF, Oxenius A. Interleukin 2: from immunostimulation to immunoregulation and back again. EMBO Rep 2007; 8(12):1142-1148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7401099
21. Jiang T, Zhou C, Ren S. Role of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 2016; 5(6):e1163462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2016.1163462
22. Ross SH, Cantrell DA. Signaling and function of interleukin-2 in T lymphocytes. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 36:411-433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053352
23. Castel V, García-Miguel P, Melero C, Navajas A, Navarro S, Molina J, Badal MD, Ruiz-Jimenez JI. The treatment of advanced neuroblastoma. Results of the Spanish Neuroblastoma Study Group (SNSG) studies. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A(4):642-645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(95)00072-q
24. Maris JM. Recent advances in neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(23):2202-2211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0804577
25. Mortara L, Balza E, Bruno A, Poggi A, Orecchia P, Carnemolla B. Anti-cancer therapies employing IL-2 cytokine tumor targeting: Contribution of innate, adaptive and immunosuppressive cells in the anti-tumor efficacy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02905
26. Lode HN, Xiang R, Dreier T, Varki NM, Gillies SD, Reisfeld RA. Natural killer cell-mediated eradication of neuroblastoma metastases to bone marrow by targeted interleukin-2 therapy. Blood 1998; 91(5):1706-1715
27. Joshi S. Targeting the tumor microenvironment in neuroblastoma: Recent advances and future directions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12(8):2057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082057
28. Zwirner NW, Ziblat A. Regulation of NK cell activation and effector functions by the IL-12 family of cytokines: The case of IL-27. Front Immunol 2017; 8:25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00025
29. Islam R, Pupovac A, Evtimov V, Boyd N, Shu R, Boyd R, Trounson A. Enhancing a natural killer: Modification of NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10(5):1058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051058
30. Lasek W, Zagożdżon R, Jakobisiak M. Interleukin 12: Still a promising candidate for tumor immunotherapy? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63(5):419-435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-014-1523-1
31. Nguyen KG, Vrabel MR, Mantooth SM, Hopkins JJ, Wagner ES, Gabaldon TA, Zaharoff DA. Localized interleukin-12 for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.575597
32. Xue D, Moon B, Liao J, Guo J, Zou Z, Han Y, Cao S, Wang Y, Fu YX, Peng H. A tumor-specific pro-IL-12 activates preexisting cytotoxic T cells to control established tumors. Sci Immunol 2022; 7(67):eabi6899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abi6899
33. Barker SE, Grosse SM, Siapati EK, Kritz A, Kinnon C, Thrasher AJ, Hart SL. Immunotherapy for neuroblastoma using syngeneic fibroblasts transfected with IL-2 and IL-12. Br J Cancer 2007; 97(2):210-217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603857
34. Waldmann TA. The shared and contrasting roles of IL2 and IL15 in the life and death of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes: Implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3(3):219-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-15-0009
35. Tian Y, Zajac AJ. IL-21 and T cell differentiation: Consider the context. Trends Immunol. 2016; 37(8):557-568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2016.06.001
36. Barjon C, Michaud HA, Fages A, Dejou C, Zampieri A, They L, Gennetier A, Sanchez F, Gros L, Eliaou JF, Bonnefoy N, Lafont V. IL-21 promotes the development of a CD73-positive Vγ9Vδ2 T cell regulatory population. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7(1):e1379642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2017.1379642
37. Croce M, Rigo V, Ferrini S. IL-21: A pleiotropic cytokine with potential applications in oncology. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:696578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/696578
38. Seeger RC. Immunology and immunotherapy of neuroblastoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21(4):229-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.09.012
39. Chiocca EA, Gelb AB, Chen CC, Rao G, Reardon DA, Wen PY, Bi WL, Peruzzi P, Amidei C, Triggs D, Seften L, Park G, Grant J, Truman K, Buck JY, Hadar N, Demars N, Miao J, Estupinan T, Loewy J, Chadha K, Tringali J, Cooper L, Lukas RV. Combined immunotherapy with controlled interleukin-12 gene therapy and immune checkpoint blockade in recurrent glioblastoma: An open-label, multi-institutional phase I trial. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24(6):951-963. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab271
40. Liu S, Lizée G, Lou Y, Liu C, Overwijk WW, Wang G, Hwu P. IL-21 synergizes with IL-7 to augment expansion and anti-tumor function of cytotoxic T cells. Int Immunol 2007; 19(10):1213-1221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxm093
41. Lin PY, Jen HY, Chiang BL, Sheu F, Chuang YH. Interleukin-21 suppresses the differentiation and functions of T helper 2 cells. Immunology 2015; 144(4):668-676. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12419
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43. Croce M, Corrias MV, Orengo AM, Brizzolara A, Carlini B, Borghi M, Rigo V, Pistoia V, Ferrini S. Transient depletion of CD4(+) T cells augments IL-21-based immunotherapy of disseminated neuroblastoma in syngeneic mice. Int J Cancer 2010; 127(5):1141-1150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25140
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How to Cite
Dowsey, M. (2023). Cytokine Immunotherapy for Neuroblastoma. Science Insights, 42(1), 787–792. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.23.re115
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