Cognitive Dysfunction in Hypothyroidism
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Published
Feb 28, 2023
Abstract
Cognitive function and hypothyroidism are strongly associated, and age-related differences in performance are significant. The association between hypothyroidism and cognitive impairment in adult patients is still debatable, although it is most severe in the fetus and neonatal period, where it is easy to leave lasting sequelae. Current theories postulate that the various age-related manifestations of this cognitive impairment may be linked to the various stages of hypothyroidism during the time-dependent development of the neurological system. Although the precise mechanism is still not entirely understood, it might be connected to immunological factors.
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Keywords
Hypothyroidism, Cognitive Function, Correlation, Age
References
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3. Srivastav A, Maisnam I, Dutta D, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S, Chowdhury S. Cretinism revisited. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16(Suppl 2):S336-S337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.104081
4. Segni M. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. [Updated 2017 Mar 18]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279032/
5. Moog NK, Entringer S, Heim C, Wadhwa PD, Kathmann N, Buss C. Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development. Neuroscience 2017; 342:68-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070
6. Bowden SA, Goldis M. Congenital Hypothyroidism. [Updated 2022 Jun 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558913/
7. Taheri Soodejani M, Tabatabaei SM, Shoraka HR, Fallahzadeh H, Ghaderi A. Trend of congenital hypothyroidism incidence and its affecting factors in Shahr-e-Kord, Western Iran. Iran J Public Health 2020; 49(5):989-994.
8. Smallridge RC, Ladenson PW. Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: Consequences to neonatal health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86(6):2349-2353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.6.7577
9. Tudosa R, Vartej P, Horhoianu I, Ghica C, Mateescu S, Dumitrache I. Maternal and fetal complications of the hypothyroidism-related pregnancy. Maedica (Bucur) 2010; 5(2):116-123.
10. Léger J, Carel JC. Hyperthyroidism in childhood: Causes, when and how to treat. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013; 5 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):50-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.854
11. Rotondi M, Cappelli C, Pirali B, Pirola I, Magri F, Fonte R, Castellano M, Rosei EA, Chiovato L. The effect of pregnancy on subsequent relapse from Graves' disease after a successful course of antithyroid drug therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(10):3985-3988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0966
12. Sjölin G, Holmberg M, Törring O, Byström K, Khamisi S, de Laval D, Abraham-Nordling M, Calissendorff J, Lantz M, Hallengren B, Filipsson Nyström H, Wallin G. The long-term outcome of treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 2019; 29(11):1545-1557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2019.0085
13. Franco JS, Amaya-Amaya J, Anaya JM. Thyroid disease and autoimmune diseases. In: Anaya JM, Shoenfeld Y, Rojas-Villarraga A, et al., editors. Autoimmunity: From Bench to Bedside [Internet]. Bogota (Colombia): El Rosario University Press; 2013 Jul 18. Chapter 30. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459466/
14. Wang Q, Jiang Y, Lv H, Lu Q, Tao S, Qin R, Huang L, Liu C, Xu X, Lv S, Li M, Li Z, Du J, Lin Y, Ma H, Chi X, Hu Z, Jiang T, Zhang G. Association of maternal mild hypothyroidism with offspring neurodevelopment in TPOAb-negative women: A prospective cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:884851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.884851
15. Wang C, Niu Q, Lv H, Li Q, Ma Y, Tan J, Liu C. Elevated TPOAb is a strong predictor of autoimmune development in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A case-control study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4369-4378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S280231
16. Ghassabian A, Bongers-Schokking JJ, de Rijke YB, van Mil N, Jaddoe VW, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Hooijkaas H, Hofman A, Visser W, Roman GC, Visser TJ, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Maternal thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity problems in children: The Generation R Study. Thyroid 2012; 22(2):178-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2011.0318
17. Lazarus J. Thyroid Regulation and Dysfunction in the Pregnant Patient. [Updated 2016 Jul 21]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279059/
18. Strikić Đula I, Pleić N, Babić Leko M, Gunjača I, Torlak V, Brdar D, Punda A, Polašek O, Hayward C, Zemunik T. Epidemiology of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and positive thyroid antibodies in the Croatian population. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11(3):394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030394
19. Grigorova M, Sherwin BB. Thyroid hormones and cognitive functioning in healthy, euthyroid women: A correlational study. Horm Behav 2012; 61(4):617-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.014
20. Samuels MH. Psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2014; 21(5):377-383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000089
21. Akintola AA, Jansen SW, van Bodegom D, van der Grond J, Westendorp RG, de Craen AJ, van Heemst D. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive function in people over 60 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00150
22. Waliszewska-Prosół M, Ejma M. Hashimoto encephalopathy-still more questions than answers. Cells 2022; 11(18):2873. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11182873
23. Ravan JR, Chatterjee S, Singh P, Maikap D, Padhan P. Autoimmune rheumatic diseases masquerading as psychiatric disorders: A case series. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2021; 32(2):164-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31138/mjr.32.2.164
24. Payer J, Petrovic T, Lisy L, Langer P. Hashimoto encephalopathy: A rare intricate syndrome. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 10(2):506-514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.4174
25. Li J, Li F. Hashimoto's encephalopathy and seizure disorders. Front Neurol 2019; 10:440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00440
26. Joffe RT. Should thyroid replacement therapy be considered for patients with treatment-refractory depression? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2002; 27(1):80.
27. Bauer M, Whybrow PC. Role of thyroid hormone therapy in depressive disorders. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44(11):2341-2347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01600-w
28. Sheehan MT. Biochemical testing of the thyroid: TSH is the best and, oftentimes, only test needed - A review for primary care. Clin Med Res 2016; 14(2):83-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2016.1309
29. van Vliet NA, van Heemst D, Almeida OP, Åsvold BO, Aubert CE, Bae JB, Barnes LE, Bauer DC, Blauw GJ, Brayne C, Cappola AR, Ceresini G, Comijs HC, Dartigues JF, Degryse JM, Dullaart RPF, van Eersel MEA, den Elzen WPJ, Ferrucci L, Fink HA, Flicker L, Grabe HJ, Han JW, Helmer C, Huisman M, Ikram MA, Imaizumi M, de Jongh RT, Jukema JW, Kim KW, Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Mooijaart SP, Moon JH, Moutzouri E, Nauck M, Parle J, Peeters RP, Samuels MH, Schmidt CO, Schminke U, Slagboom PE, Stordal E, Vaes B, Völzke H, Westendorp RGJ, Yamada M, Yeap BB, Rodondi N, Gussekloo J, Trompet S; Thyroid studies collaboration. association of thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function: An individual participant data analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181(11):1440-1450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5078
30. Fu A, Zhou R, Xu X. The synthetic thyroid hormone, levothyroxine, protects cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus of naturally aged mice. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9(8):864-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.131602
31. Fernández-Lamo I, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Delgado-García JM, Guadaño-Ferraz A, Gruart A. Effects of thyroid hormone replacement on associative learning and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in adult hypothyroid rats. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30(4):679-692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06862.x
32. Idrose AM. Acute and emergency care for thyrotoxicosis and thyroid storm. Acute Med Surg 2015; 2(3):147-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ams2.104
33. Kim MI. Hypothyroidism in Older Adults. [Updated 2020 Jul 14]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279005/
34. Bégin ME, Langlois MF, Lorrain D, Cunnane SC. Thyroid function and cognition during aging. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2008; 2008:474868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/474868
35. Wortsman J, Wavak P. Palpebral redundancy from hypothyroidism. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980 Jan;65(1):1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198001000-00001
36. de Jong FJ, Masaki K, Chen H, Remaley AT, Breteler MM, Petrovitch H, White LR, Launer LJ. Thyroid function, the risk of dementia and neuropathologic changes: The Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30(4):600-606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.019
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How to Cite
Rakugi, H. (2023). Cognitive Dysfunction in Hypothyroidism. Science Insights, 42(2), 813–818. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.23.re126
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